Ethical Theory Examine The Goodness Of Different Decisions - 550 Words

Ethical Theory: Examine The Goodness Of Different Decisions (Research Paper Sample) Content: Ethical TheoryStudents Name;University Affiliation; Ethical TheoryThe theory of morality seeks to examine the goodness of the different decisions made following the effects on the consequences. The results effects determine whether the decision made is right or wrong in moral consideration of the actions. The theory is based on the proper deeds of humankind which depend on the general law of doing the public good. The utilitarianism assesses the character traits, actions, and practices regarding the general moral consideration, however, the ratio between the good and bad effects compensation is not aggregated.The desires, satisfaction, and frustration, are constituted in the explanation of the different welfare concern for the humankind. Pleasure and appreciation of the human desires are considered the fulfillment of human well-being. On the other hand, the frustrations of failure to fulfill these desires lead to the reduction in the human desires. The difference betw een pleasure and pain are the constituents of consideration in the theory of utilitarianism. Human welfare draws their desires from the fulfillment of the intended actions hence their considered positive reactions. The rule of consequentialism claims that the act is morally wrong if only forbidden by the laws that are justified by their consequences. The decisions are warranted following the consequences. The good luck, in this case, is considered to be the associated with the utilitarianism that solely dependent on the values. Instances of utilitarianism include the consideration of actions such as stealing where one chooses the values and not the moral perspective of not taking. Stealing leads to arrest and punishment by the law through imprisonment. A person in need of cash makes a choice of not taking from a fellow poor man due to the fear of the consequences of getting arrested. In this case, the moral perspective is not considered (Vaughn, 2015). The moral actions of stealing lead to painful consequences hence according to the utilitarianism the effects are considered.In a different scenario, a manager decides to channel some cash to their personal accounts with the explanation that he needs the money for personal use in payment of the hospital bill. In this case, someone may lose their life in case the bill is not cleared hence the embezzlement may save the victim in the hospital, however, putting the manager at risk. Despite the consequences, the manager does the simple act of a right course. However, their job may be in jeopardy. In both cases, the law of consequentialism applies differently with the justification of the actions. However, the moral consideration of the effects may be ignored at some level due to the consequences likely to occur.Additionally, the review of the right and wrong actions are based on the good thinking ability of the human being as expressed by the Kantianism theory. The scientific theory explains that the human reasoning d etermines actions. Unlike the consequentialism, the Kantianism theory is dependent on the human reasoning following the ability to determine the right and wrong actions (Denis, 2013). The categorical...

Essay about Research on Anethum Graveolans L as a...

Dill (Anethum graveolans L.) aerial parts a renewed interest in medicinal plants because generally they do not elicit any side effects. In present study, effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of the Anethum graveolans L. aerial parts on serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, C-LDL, C-HDL, urea, uric acid, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (AP), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransaminase (AST) enzymes levels were investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The animals were made diabetic using by alloxan (90 mg/kg, i.p.). The hydroethanolic extract at doses 50, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, i.p. were administered for 14 days, intraperitoneally. Blood samples were obtained from heart after 14 days. The group of†¦show more content†¦With the number of cases expected to increase rapidly in the years to come, diabetes is a growing health challenge worldwide. With the active encouragement of the WHO, an attempt is being made to collect traditional medical information used for the treatment of diabetes for study in modern laboratories in order to scientifically evaluate therapeutic efficacies [2]. In recent years much research is focused on the development of herbal medicines which offer exemplary source for drug discovery [3]. Despite remarkable advances made in the management of diabetes by the use of synthetic drugs, there has been a renewed interest in medicinal plants because generally they do not elicit any side effects. Dill (Anethum graveolans L.) aerial parts have a renewed interest in medicinal plants because generally they do not elicit any side effects. Dill is one such herbal plant known as â€Å"Shevid or Shebet† in Iran and its botanical name is Anethum graveolans L. belonging to family Apiaceae. A. graveolens is an annual or biennial herb. It grows up to 90–120 cm tall and has slender branched stems, finely divided leaves, small umbels (2–9 cm diameter) of yellow flowers, and long spindle-shaped roots. In general, dill leaves (dill weeds) and seeds (small fragrant fruits) are used as seasoning. The leaves could be used in eggs, meats,

Interest free transactions of Banks Practice - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1843 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? An Islamic bank is a financial institution that conducts its operations base on Shariah principles. Islamic scholars commend trade-oriented banking in place of traditional interest-bearing credit oriented banking. The major vehicle of interest-free banking is a two-tier mudarabah, which is a business contract negotiated on the basis of profit-sharing ratios between two profits-seeking parties, A and B. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Interest free transactions of Banks Practice" essay for you Create order Parties A provide funds to party B, party B independently manages the business according to the agreed terms. From the banking point of view, it is an advance agreement on a ratio in which realized business profits are to be shared. The basis of two-tier mudarabah is one mudarabah between the surplus economic units (depositors) and financial institution in order to replace interest-bearing contracts between savers and banks; and another mudarabah between the financial institutions and the deficit economic units in order to replace interest-bearing contracts between banks and ultimate users of funds. So, banks can negotiate deposits and advances on the basis of profit-sharing ratios. In effect, interest-bearing loans are replaced by profit-seeking investments and qard hasanah (loans on zero interest). Interest-free financial institution can efficiently perform all types of intermediation after eliminating interest from the system and the replacement of interest rates by profit-shar ing ratios has profound macroeconomic consequences for unemployment, inflation, stability, growth, and income distribution. The Needs of Islamic Banks With Conventional Bank Many Islamic banks use the facilities of conventional banks for treasury management, foreign exchange, portfolio services and investment banking. Major multinational conventional banks have the critical mass to provide specialist service while Islamic banks are usually too small in size to take on such services themselves. Outsourcing makes sense for organizations when the benefits of internalization are outweighed by the administrative costs of trying to extend their functions into new areas where demand is limited. As most Islamic banks are located in the Muslim world, where most of the demand is for core banking services rather than for highly specialized finance, it is a potential management distraction to widen the facilities on offer excessively. This could actually result in deterioration in the quality of the basic level of deposit and funding services. Islamic Bank is Viable Islamic banking and finance are emerging as viable alternatives to conventional interest-based banking and financing. The long-term objective of BNM is to create an Islamic banking system operating on a parallel basis with the conventional banking system. However, similar to any banking system, an Islamic banking system requires three vital elements to qualify as a viable system, such as a large number of players, a broad variety of instruments and an Islamic money market. In addition, an Islamic banking system must also reflect the socio-economic values in Islam, and must be Islamic in both substance and form. Recognizing the above, BNM adopted a step-by-step approach to achieve the above objective. The first step to spread the virtues of Islamic banking was to disseminate Islamic banking on a nation-wide basis, with as many players as possible and to be able to reach all Malaysians. Islamic banking services using their existing infrastructure and branches. The option was seen as the most effective and efficient mode of increasing the number of institutions offering Islamic banking services at the lowest cost and within the shortest time frame. Following from the above, on 4 March 1993 BNM introduced a scheme known as Skim Perbankan Tanpa Faedah (Interest-free Banking Scheme) or SPTF in short. In terms of products and services, there are more than 40 Islamic financial products and services that may be offered by the banks using various Islamic concepts such as Mudharabah, Musyarakah, Murabahah, Bai Bithaman Ajil (Bai Muajjal), Ijarah, Wadiah Yad Dhamanah and Al-Ijarah Thumma al-Bai. Mudarabah (profit-sharing) Refers to an agreement made between a capital provider and another party (entrepreneur), to enable the entrepreneur to carry out business projects, based on a profit sharing basis, of a pre-agreed ratio. In the case of losses, the losses are borne by the provider of the funds. Musyarakah (joint venture) Refers to a partnership or joint venture for a specific business, whereby the distribution of profits will be apportioned according to an agreed ratio. In the event of losses, both parties will share the losses on the basis of their equity participation. Murabahah (cost plus) Refers to the sale of goods at a price, which includes a profit margin as agreed to by both parties. Such sales contract is valid on the condition that the price, other costs and the profit margin of the seller are stated at the time of the agreement of sale. Ijarah (leasing) Refers to an arrangement under which the lessor leases equipment, building or other facility to a client at an agreed rental against a fixed charge, as agreed by both parties. Islamic Banking vs. Conventional Banking There are two major difference between Islamic Banking and Conventional Banking which are conventional banking practices are concerned with elimination of risk where as Islamic banks bear the risk when involve in any transaction and when conventional banks involve in transaction with consumer they do not take the liability only get the benefit from consumer in form of interest whereas Islamic banks bear all the liability when involve in transaction with consumer. Getting out any benefit without bearing its liability is declared illegal in Islam. In retail deposit services include the provision of current accounts and low-risk investment accounts base on mudarabah with clients sharing in any bank profits. Conventional banks provide similar deposit services at retail level and allow overdrafts on current accounts, which often incur both fixed-rate charges and interest. Islamic banks cannot offer overdraft facilities on current accounts. However, depositors who get temporary financ ial difficulties due to events beyond their control such as illness may receive interest-free loans. Conventional banks offer savings rather than investment accounts, the major attraction of such accounts being the interest paid to depositors. This often increases as the minimum notice period for withdrawals lengthens, with accounts which for example require three months notice for withdrawals paying more interest than those requiring one months notice. Some Islamic banks apply similar stepped returns with their investment accounts, with a higher proportionate profit share as the period of notice for withdrawals increases. Moreover, conventional banks focus on money is a product besides medium of exchange and store of value and time value is the basis for charging interest on capital. Islamic banks concern with the real asset is a product but money is just a medium of exchange and profit on exchange of goods services are the basis for earning profit. In conventional banks, Gover nment very easily obtains loans from Central Bank through Money Market Operations without initiating capital development expenditure while Islamic banks, Government cannot obtain loans from the Monetary Agency without making sure the delivery of goods to National Investment fund. Lastly, debts financing in conventional banks gets the advantage of leverage for an enterprise, due to interest expense as deductible item form taxable profits. This causes huge burden of taxes on salaried persons. Thus the saving and disposable income of the people is affected badly. This results decrease in the real gross domestic product. In Islamic banks, sharing profits in case of Mudarabah and sharing in the organization of business venture in case of Musharakah, provides extra tax to Federal Government. This leads to minimize the tax burden over salaried persons. Due to which savings and disposable income of the people is increased, this results the increase in the real gross domestic product. List of Financial Institutions Offering Islamic Banking Services According to the General Council for Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions, there are currently 275 institutions worldwide that follow Islamic banking and financing principles, collectively managing in excess of $200 billion. These institutions are spread throughout 53 countries, including Europe and the United States. Twenty institutions now offer a variety of Islamic financial services in the United States. The Islamic banks are not the only financial institutions involved in Islamic banking. Other financial institutions also offer Islamic banking services through the Islamic Banking Scheme. In Malaysia, separate Islamic legislation and banking regulations exist side-by-side with those for the conventional banking system. The legal basis for the establishment of Islamic banks was the Islamic Banking Act (IBA) which came into effect on 7 April 1983. The IBA provides BNM with powers to supervise and regulate Islamic banks, similar to the case of other licensed banks. The firs t Islamic bank established in the country was Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad (BIMB) which commenced operations on 1 July 1983. In line with its objectives, the banking activities of the bank are based on Syariah principles. After more than a decade in operations, BIMB has proved to be a viable banking institution with its activity expanding rapidly throughout the country with a network of 80 branches and 1,200 employees. The bank was listed on the Main Board of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange on 17 January 1992. After a careful consideration of various factors, BNM decided to allow the existing banking institutions to offer Islamic banking services using their existing infrastructure and branches. The option was seen as the most effective and efficient mode of increasing the number of institutions offering Islamic banking services at the lowest cost and within the shortest time frame. Following from the above, on 4 March 1993 BNM introduced a scheme known as Skim Perbankan Tanpa Faed ah(Interest-free Banking Scheme) or SPTF in short. To link the institutions and the instruments, the Islamic Interbank Money Market (IIMM) was introduced on 4 January 1994. As part of the effort to streamline and harmonize the Syariah interpretations among banks and takaful companies, BNM established the National Syariah Advisory Council on Islamic Banking and Takaful (NSAC) on 1 May 1997 as the highest Syariah authority on Islamic banking and takaful in Malaysia. On 1 October 1999, a second Islamic bank, namely Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad (BMMB) commenced operations. The establishment BMMB was the effect of the spin-off following the merger between Bank Bumiputra Malaysia Berhad (BBMB) and Bank of Commerce (Malaysia) Berhad (BOCB). Under the merger arrangement, the Islamic banking assets and liabilities of BBMB, BOCB and BBMB Kewangan Berhad (BBMBK) were transferred to BBMB, while the conventional operations of BBMB, BOCB and BBMBK were transferred to BOCB accordingly. In addi tion, BMMB was given 40 branches of BBMB and BBMBK in various locations throughout Malaysia and a staff workforce of 1,000, migrated from BBMB, BOCB and BBMBK. Islamic Banks 1. Bank Islam Malaysia Berhad 2. Bank Muamalat Malaysia Berhad Participating banks in the Islamic Banking Scheme Commercial Banks 1. AFFIN Bank Berhad 8. Malayan Banking Berhad 2. Alliance Bank Berhad 9. AmBank Berhad 3. OCBC Bank (Malaysia) Berhad 10. Public Bank Berhad 4. Citibank Berhad 11. RHB Bank Berhad 5. EON Bank Berhad 12. Southern Bank Berhad 6. Hong Leong Bank Berhad 13. HSBC Bank (M) Berhad 7. Standard Chartered Bank Malaysia Berhad Finance Companies 1. AFFIN-ACF Finance Berhad 5. Mayban Finance Berhad 2. AmFinance Berhad 6. Public Finance Berhad 3. EON Finance Berhad 7. Southern Finance Berhad 4. Hong Leong Finance Berhad Merchant Banks 1. AFFIN Merchant Bank Berhad 3. Alliance Merchant Berhad 2. Commerce International Merchant Bankers Berhad 4. AmMerchant Bank Berhad Discount Houses 1. Abrar Discounts Berhad 5. KAF Discounts Berhad 2. AFFIN Discount Berhad 6. Malaysia Discount Berhad 3. Amanah Short Deposits Berhad 7. Mayban Discount Berhad 4. CIMB Discount House Berhad

Research Proposal on Mental Disorders Cases in Justice Legal System - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1713 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/17 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Mental Health Essay Did you like this example? Introduction Cases of mental illness associated with people who are in the correctional systems have become an area of concern in our current world that is filled with all sorts of social and evil crimes. The argument on the need and concern for mentally ill people that have been promoted by the opinion that most mental illness more likely gets it while they are in the correctional facilities. It is a great challenge for a mentally ill individual to cope up well with normal. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Research Proposal on Mental Disorders Cases in Justice Legal System" essay for you Create order People who are faced with the situation of dealing with relatives who are mentally ill can explain it well. Mental illness is mostly natural in human nature; our biological makeup is a major cause of the abnormality. The most serious area that has raised the alarm and that need to be addressed is when mental illnesses are associated with our criminal justice system. The numbers of inmates getting mental illnesses have been adding up the day after the other our correctional systems. In the event of 1960s that saw the discharge of psychiatric people into the society with no full mental health made the situation worse and has been the sole cause of inmates with mental illness. The individuals lack common sense and their situation prompt them to involve in a law-breaking activity that will render them into jail, thus increasing the number in our correctional as compared to our hospital where they should be. Literature review This study will be based on the available scholarly works which have been conducted related to the issues of mental health in inmates both adults and children in the prisons and juveniles systems. This studies focused on the increased instances of mental illnesses among inmates incarcerated in the United States prisons. These studies will help in exploring the issue of mental illness in the united states jails. According to Houser and Belenko, (2015)critical mental illness has been reported as the most prevalent problem in the United States justice systems leading to the rebranding of the jails and prisons as the modern asylums. For instance, the Los Angeles County Jail, it has been reported to be holding more mentally ill inmates than most mental health hospitals in the United States. Generally, it is estimated that 22% of inmates in the United States and 16 %of people detained in state prisons are approximate to have critical mental disorders. this prevalence adds up to 384,00 inmates with severe mental disorder in the United States in the year 2015 which is almost ten times the number of mentally ill persons in the states hospitals. In another study they carried out in Maryland and Michigan prisons and jails highlighted that 15 percent of the inmates had some signs and symptoms of mental illness. The number of women who had their symptoms was more than eh a number of males. The major symptoms identified were major depression, bipolar illness, impaired judgment among others. Mentally ill inmates spent more time than other inmates in the jails or prisons (Petersilia, 2014). The reason behind this is they find it challenging and hard to adhere to the prison and jail rules and regulations. Mentally ill inmates have the probability of being detained for a duration that is twice longer than that of normal inmates. They take a lot of time to understand, and they are violent. To illustrate in a study conducted in Washington state jails, and prison found that mentally ill inmates were liable for almost 45% of rule violations despite their low percentage of 15% of the whole population. The cost of detaining mentally ill inmates is absolutely high due to their unique needs which require immediate attention. There is the need for specialized facilities which suit their frequent violent needs. Also, they have more staffing needs as compared to the other inmates. Prisons incur these costs due to the psychiatric medical care provided to the mentally ill detainees and also the costs of settling legal suits arising from the treatment of mentally challenged detainees in the premises of the jail (Cowell, Hinde, Broner, Aldridge, 2015). A study conducted by Prins, (2014) , to investigate the number of managerial problems caused by mentally challenged inmates in the United States prisons ; found that mentally challenged inmates pose a challenge to the management team as they attempt to control and manage the behaviors of the inmates in the p risons. Inmates with mental disorders make it hard for the management to oversee their behavior due to their perceptions and challenging needed. Some may not be willing eat; others dont like wearing clothes among other behaviors. Suicidal cases is another major challenge associated with mental illness in the prisons were inmates kill themselves. A study conducted in Washington highlighted that an estimate of 78percent of the inmates with mental disorders attempted to commit suicide while in the correctional facilities (DeGue, Fowler, Calkins, 2016). The instances have been accelerated by the strict, measures of forcing all the mentally challenged persons into the legal justice systems. The society views mentally ill persons as a liability to the community and thus channeling them into the prisons. This has not been a solution because they feel troubled and isolated from their families to the extent of taking away their life. According to a study conducted by Wagner and Sakala ( 2014), in several United States jails and prisons found that screening has to be don for all admissions to detect the signs of and symptoms of mental illness at early stages for medication. He further pointed out that mental disorders increases due to the conditions the inmates are subjected to while in the prisons. Early screening and medication will help curb the issue of mental illness in the United States and enhance the mental health of the inmates. The scope of the current study. The study needs to determine the prevalence of individual with mental illness who are in the jail. Due to the increase in some people having mental disorders in the jail system, there is need to address the issue before our correctional centers are filled with psychiatric individuals who need to be receiving medication rather than correction of that sort. The study will investigate the following research questions: 1) will the health of the mentally ill people deteriorate when put in jail? 2) What is the effect caused by mental ill not sent to the hospital for medication? 3) Is the increased number of mental illness inmates being accommodated in the correctional facilities? Methodology. Data Collection Procedures. The research will obtain the data by observing the behavior of the mentally ill people when they are put in the correctional centers. The data will also be obtained from a survey done in the local jails. The bureau of justice statistics has an order of surveying the inmates after every period of five years. The data will also be evaluated based on the entry record of the inmates as they joined the correctional centers. The data will be aimed at finding the number of facilities with the increased number of mentally ill inmates. The study will help identify if there is any relation between the increased mental illness and the increased inmates in the correctional facilities. Research Design Lack of medical attention of the mentally ill people exposes them to active participation in the evil activities that makes them be sent to correctional facilities. The research question that is under study is the prevalence rate of mental illness compared with the number of correctional facilities. The study will apply the use of questionnaires that will be sent to the local jails in the United States to get clear information from the officers in charge and also the inmates who have no mental illness. The study will also apply observation as a way of obtaining data, where it will be based on two groups of inmates: the mentally ill inmates and the mentally upright inmates. The mentally upright inmates will be used as a control experiment to compare with the behavior of mentally ill. The study makes use of the ANOVA test to compare the difference between the two groups of inmates. The study will be based on the cross-sectional design which will be conducted at only one time to co mpare the mentally ill inmates and the non-mentally ill inmates (Moschopoulos, 2014). Selection of participants. The study will make use of different types of participants who are related to the field. Therefore 20 officers will be used and 50 inmates who are mentally ill for observation purpose and 40 non-mentally inmates. Planned Data Analysis. The planned data analyzes will help the researcher to find the relation between increased mentally ill people and the corresponding of inmates in jails. The study will determine whether the mental illness contributes to the rising figure of criminals in the jails. The second analysis is on the behavior of mentally ill people when they are put in the jails. The analysis will help in finding a solution for the mentally ill people, to determine which facility they should be in, that best suits their condition. Conclusion. In conclusion, the research is expected to produce results that will help the researcher to compare the behavior of mentally ill and non-mentally ill inmates. The researcher will determine whether the population of inmates is affected by mental ill diseases among the people. The prevalence of mentally ill inmates are alarming, and the probability is that it is contributed by the mental illness in the society. References Cowell, A. J., Hinde, J. M., Broner, N., Aldridge, A. P. (2015). The cost of implementing a jail diversion program for people with mental illness in San Antonio, Texas. Evaluation and Program Planning, 48, 57–62. DeGue, S., Fowler, K. A., Calkins, C. (2016). Deaths Due to Use of Lethal Force by Law Enforcement: Findings From the National Violent Death Reporting System, 17 US States, 2009–2012. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 51(5), S173–S187. Houser, K., Belenko, S. (2015). Disciplinary responses to misconduct among female prison inmates with mental illness, substance use disorders, and co-occurring disorders. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 38(1), 24. Moschopoulos, P. G. (2014). Testing in Two-Way ANOVA with Random Cell Sizes. Petersilia, J. (2014). California prison downsizing and its impact on local criminal justice systems. Prins, S. J. (2014). Prevalence of mental illnesses in US state prisons: a systematic review. Psychiatric Services , 65(7), 862–872. Wagner, P., Sakala, L. (2014). Mass incarceration: the whole pie. Northampton, MA: Prison Policy Initiative.

Sociological Perspectives and the Social Institution of...

Sociological Perspectives and the Social Institution of the Family Society is the subject of the social sciences. Generally Speaking society is that complex social organization of human beings that share an identity inhabiting dynamic relationships and a distinctive culture. Members of a society identify themselves through that society and work together with other members to ensure that the rules, generally agreed upon by all members to govern how they relate to each other, are in place. Sociological perspectives are viewpoints from which we study and understand society and its varied mechanics and elements. There are varied sociological perspectives available to social scientists for the purpose of study. What sociological†¦show more content†¦From a functionalist perspective, how can a member of a family view self and society? First off, the self-view will be rooted in function and expectations. The father for example will view himself as one who must provide for and protect his family based on standard expectations of what fathers do an d what fatherhood means in the society he belongs to. He will view society as one of function and structure as well where his family makes up a unit integral to the functioning social groups he/his family belongs. Roles then will become part of the expected mental images a functionalist perspective gives in terms of viewing family and society. Thus, the roles of mother, father, daughter, son, aunt, uncle, grandparents, cousins - all these are based on social and cultural standards. This extends out to expected roles and functions of key individuals in society as well as social groups (i.e. Priest, teachers, politicians, employers, church, government, businesses, etc.). In terms of social change, if change is systemic, it will be based on or will have to be rooted in the need to overhaul or affect a particular function for the purpose of adapting to or surviving challenges, conflicts or trends. Take for example the trend of and the established need to adapt to new communication techn ologiesShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Social Institutions On Caribbean Culture1223 Words   |  5 PagesSocietal Institutions On Caribbean Culture and Society Objectives †¢ Gain a thorough understanding of the different social institutions: family, education, political systems †¢ Understand the main ideas of the Marxist and Functionalist perspectives †¢ Understand the Marxist and perspective on social institutions Functionalist Social Institutions †¢ Social Institutions are a fundamental part of the operations of society. They are the major organising framework in social life. 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Wright Mills986 Words   |  4 PagesMills Chapter Summary â€Å"Yet Men do not usually define the troubles they endure in terms of historical change and institution contradiction.† Stated from chapter one of â€Å"The Classic Readings in Sociology† which was based on â€Å"The Sociology Imagination† by C. Wright Mills. As our Sociology 131 class study the works of C. Wright Mills, we learn and examine his views. We learn how he view other things such as marriage, war, and the limitations of men. His view of war is that both sides playRead MoreEssay Sociology676 Words   |  3 Pagesmajor sociological theoretical paradigms. For each, what are the key tenets? How does each explain how society works? Functionalist Perspectives† also known as Structural-Functional Paradigm†- â€Å"The sociological approach that views society as a stable, orderly system. According to this perspective, a society is composed of interrelated parts, each of which serves a function and (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society. Societies develop social structures, or institutions that

Judaism popular jewish holidays Free Essays

To demonstrate your repentance and make amends for all the sins youVe committed. Yom Kippur is a complete Sabbath; no work can be performed on that day. It is well- nown that you are supposed to refrain from eating and drinking (even water) on Yom Kippur. We will write a custom essay sample on Judaism popular jewish holidays or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is a complete, 25-hour fast beginning before sunset on the evening before Yom Kippur and ending after nightfall on the day of Yom Kippur. The Talmud also specifies additional restrictions that are less well-known: washing and bathing, anointing one’s body (with cosmetics, deodorants, etc. , wearing leather shoes, and engaging in sexual relations are all prohibited on Yom Kippur. It is customary to wear white on the holiday, which symbolizes purity and calls to mind the promise that our sins shall be made as white as snow (Is. :18) 3. Sukkot Significance: Remembers the wandering in the dessert; also a harvest festival Length: 7 days The Festival of Sukkot begins on Tishri 15, the fifth day after Yom Kippur. Sukkot is so unreservedly Joyful that it is commonly referred to in Jewish prayer and literature as Z’man Simchateinu , the Season of our Rejoicing. Sukkot has a dual significance: historical and agricultural. Historically, Sukkot commemorates the forty-year period during which the children of Israel were wandering in the desert, living in temporary shelters. Agriculturally, Sukkot is a harvest festival and is sometimes referred to as efers to the temporary dwellings that we are commanded to live in during this holiday in memory of the period of wandering. The festival of Sukkot is instituted in Leviticus 23:33 et seq. No work is permitted on the first and second days of the holiday. . Shemini Atzeret Significance: A follow-up to Sukkot; the completion of the annual cycle of Torah readings Length: 2 days (Some: 1 day) Customs: Limited â€Å"dwelling† in the sukkah; dancing and rejoicing with Torah scrolls Date: the day after the seventh day of Sukkot, Shemini Atzeret literally means â€Å"the assembly of the eighth (day). Sukkot is a holiday intended for all of mankind, but when Sukkot is over, the Creator invites the Jew ish people to stay for an extra day, for a more intimate celebration. Shemini Atzeret and Simchat Torah are holidays on which work is not permitted. 5. Simchat Torah Simchat Torah means â€Å"Rejoicing in the Torah. † This holiday marks the completion of the annual cycle of weekly Torah readings. Each week in synagogue we publicly read a few chapters from the Torah, starting with Genesis Ch. 1 and working our way around to Deuteronomy 34. On Simchat Torah, we read the last Torah portion, then roceed immediately to the first chapter of Genesis, reminding us that the Torah is a circle, and never ends. This completion of the readings is a time of great celebration. 6. Chanukkah Significance: Remembers the rededication of the Temple after it was defiled by the Greeks Observances: Lighting candles Length: 8 days Customs: eating fried foods; playing with a dreidel (top) Chanukkah, the Jewish festival of rededication, also known as the festival of lights, is an eight day festival beginning on the 25th day of the Jewish month of Kislev. Chanukkah is probably one of the best known Jewish holidays, because of its roximity to Christmas. Many non-Jews think of this holiday as the Jewish Christmas, adopting many of the Christmas customs, such as elaborate gift-giving and decoration. It is extremely ironic that this holiday, which has its roots in a revolution against adaptation and the dominance of Jewish religion, has become the most conformed, secular holiday on our calendar. The only religious observance related to the holiday is the lighting of candles. The candles are arranged in a candelabrum called a menorah (or sometimes called a chanukkiah). 7. Pesach: Passover Significance: Remembers the Exodus from Egypt ommunal retelling of the Exodus story Length: 8 days (Some: 7 days) Exodus 12:14-17 Agriculturally, it represents the beginning of the harvest season in Israel, but little attention is paid to this aspect of the holiday. The primary observances of Pesach are related to the Exodus from Egypt after generations of slavery. This story is told in Exodus, Ch. 1-15. It refers to the fact that G-d â€Å"passed over† the houses of the Jews when he was slaying the firstborn of Egypt. In English, the holiday is known as Passover. â€Å"Pesach† is also the name of the sacrificial offering (a lamb) that was made in the Temple on this holiday. How to cite Judaism popular jewish holidays, Papers

Endangered Native Animal Corroboree Frog †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Endangered Native Animal Corroboree Frog. Answer: Location and Background Corroboree frogs are one of Australias most critically endangered species. These frogs mainly inhabit 1.3 to 1.8 kilometers above the sea level at the Sphagnum wetland of sub alpine area (Corroboreefrog.org.au 2017). It has been found only in the national park of Mount Kosciuszko. The name bears the tradition of the Australian Aboriginals. The decline of the population of this kind of frogs has drawn attention from nature activists and scientists to protect them from becoming extinct. Critically Analysis of the Reasons of extinction The species does not get challenges from any natural predators as it secrets poisonous toxins but there are several factors that have been fueling to the extinction of the species. Chytridiomycosis The species has experienced severe attack from a specific fungus named Batrachochytriul dendrobatidis. The disease that is cause by the fungus named Chytridiomycosis has already contributed significantly in mass extinction of other species in eastern Australia (Scheele et al. 2017). The fungus attacks keratin that is present in high amount in the adult frogs or in the tadpoles. The infection caused harmful changes into the frogs skin layers that eventually become deadly. Climate change The climate change is another significant factor that has been contributing in the extinction of Corroboree frogs. The heat increase due to global warming is alarming. It has been affecting the breeding pools of the frogs and damaging their eco system (Environment.gov.au 2017). Ultraviolet radiation The increased Ozone has largely increased the UV radiation. The high exposure of ultraviolet rays has caused serious damage for the amphibious existence. The UV rays affect the embryos and egg DNAs. The radiation also caused harm in the water and damages the other bio organisms (Brannelly et al. 2015). The alpine lakes of that region are not deep; therefore the low organic carbon in the water causes great threats for the Corroboree frogs existence. Bushfire It has been observed before that bushfire can kill of a significant number of Corroboree Frogs. The sphagnum wetlands bushfire in the Kosciuszko Park caused threat for the frogs lives as they did not come back to the area again (Abc.net.au 2015). The fire destroys their natural shelter, breeding areas, causes high dehydration. Construction During the 1970s the construction of the Hydro-electric project in the snowy mountains has eliminated a large number of Corroboree frogs of that region (Hunter 2012). The construction of roads in this area causes low water level and dry outs and hampers their natural breading places. Close to Extinction The Corroboree frogs are registered in the red list by International Union for Coservation of Nature as critically endangered. The EPBC and NPW Act also have identified the species as endangered. An investigation in 2014 revealed that the total number of the Corroborree frogs are not more than 50 which is which got reduced by 99% since 1980s (Theconversation.com 2017). Immediate effective human intervention is necessary in order to prevent them from acute extinction. Different strategies for protection: compare, contrast, challenges The New South Wales National park and Wildlife Service and other institutions like the Amphibian Research Centre and the Canberra University collaboratively undertaking various strategies to ensure the protection of the Corroboree frogs in the region through a five year plan. Monitoring the population trend Various treatments will be applied in this stage like the precipitation, altitude, size of population and catchment, breeding or non-breeding habitat, before and after population size (Skerratt et al. 2016). The tadpoles will be minutely observed to examine the success of the breeding. As the study takes place for a long period, so it may experience fluctuations in the process of receiving effective data that can represent the population data appropriately. Breeding trials The trial reintroduction of the Corroboree frogs aged between 4-5years can increase the population. However protecting the existing frogs should be first priority and they should not be harmed in any way during the trial process. Protecting their habitat The drainage pattern of the region must be evaluated and repair the existing damages without hampering the natural habitat. The natural habitats of Alpine Bogs are listed in the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Environment.gov.au 2017). The threats will be minimized. The climate in the Research centre or Zoo is controlled and quarantine facilities are provided to protect them. The ongoing development and construction might contradict this process. Protection from pathogens James Cook University is experimenting to build the immunity from the Chytrid fungus (Brannelly et al. 2016). However the expensive genetic research is creating challenges. Developing community awareness The camping of the outsiders must be restricted. The conservation management will set some specific rules and guidelines have to be set for the people. The feral animals will be controlled (Braysher and Arman 2014). Translocation The scientists in the National park have developed few fungus free artificial breeding pools where the eggs of the Corroboree frogs have been successfully relocated (Scheele et al. 2014). The frogs take almost 5 years to grow mature so whether the eggs are able to survive that much time in the artificial pool is yet to be explored. Personal Point of View I believe the immediate concern should be the protection of the existing frogs as only about 100 are left in the whole world. Too much experiment might end up in harming them. However only after ensuring the best natural habitat they must be allowed to breed naturally. After that only few can be selected to incorporate the human intervention to increase the number. Effective precaution and preparation must be taken prior to the experiment. The human intervention might save the Corroboree frogs of the Alpine from extinction as it did for the Galapagos tortoises. References ABC News. (2015).Endangered frogs bouncing back in ACT: ecologists. [online] Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-03-15/namadgi-endangered-northern-corroboree-frogs-bouncing-back/6291648 [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Brannelly, L.A., Berger, L., Marrantelli, G. and Skerratt, L.F., 2015. Low humidity is a failed treatment option for chytridiomycosis in the critically endangered southern corroboree frog.Wildlife Research,42(1), pp.44-49. Brannelly, L.A., Hunter, D.A., Skerratt, L.F., Scheele, B.C., Lenger, D., McFadden, M.S., Harlow, P.S. and Berger, L., 2016. Chytrid infection and post?release fitness in the reintroduction of an endangered alpine tree frog.Animal Conservation,19(2), pp.153-162. Braysher, M. and Arman, O., 2014. Managing Feral Horses in Namadgi National Park, Australia: A Sensitive Operation. InProceedings 26th Vertebrate Pest Conference. Hawaii(pp. 149-155). Corroboreefrog.org.au. (2017).Fast Facts Corroboree Frog. [online] Available at: https://www.corroboreefrog.org.au/biology/fast-facts/ [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017]. Hunter, D., 2012. National Recovery Plan for the Southern Corroboree Frog, Pseudophryne corroboree, and the Northern Corroboree Frog, Pseudophryne pengilleyi. Scheele, B.C., Hunter, D.A., Grogan, L.F., Berger, L.E.E., Kolby, J.E., McFadden, M.S., Marantelli, G., Skerratt, L.F. and Driscoll, D.A., 2014. Interventions for Reducing Extinction Risk in Chytridiomycosis?Threatened Amphibians.Conservation Biology,28(5), pp.1195-1205. Scheele, B.C., Skerratt, L.F., Grogan, L.F., Hunter, D.A., Clemann, N., McFadden, M., Newell, D., Hoskin, C.J., Gillespie, G.R., Heard, G.W. and Brannelly, L., 2017. After the epidemic: Ongoing declines, stabilizations and recoveries in amphibians afflicted by chytridiomycosis.Biological Conservation,206, pp.37-46. Skerratt, L.F., Berger, L., Clemann, N., Hunter, D.A., Marantelli, G., Newell, D.A., Philips, A., McFadden, M., Hines, H.B., Scheele, B.C. and Brannelly, L.A., 2016. Priorities for management of chytridiomycosis in Australia: saving frogs from extinction.Wildlife Research,43(2), pp.105-120. The Conversation. (2017).Australian endangered species: Southern Corroboree Frog. [online] Available at: https://theconversation.com/australian-endangered-species-southern-corroboree-frog-16189 [Accessed 12 Sep. 2017].